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Retire Statistical Significance
Article

Retire Statistical Significance

Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland, Blake McShane and more than 800 signatories call for an end to hyped claims and the dismissal of possibly crucial effects.

Valentin Amrhein, Sander Greenland and Blake McShane
Nature, 2019
References: Mc Shane et al. (2019) , Gelman & Loken (2019) , Amrhein et al. (2019)
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  • Analytical
  • Scientific
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Recommendation

Researchers commonly refer to the differences between sets of data – measures from different treatment groups, for example – as being (or not being) “statistically significant.” The sets are considered significantly different only if an arbitrary statistical threshold is exceeded. If it isn’t, people often conclude that there is no difference between the sets of data. This assumption, however, is not necessarily valid. A sub-threshold finding may still be relevant. And, as Carl Sagan put it, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. A group of over 800 scientists is now calling to “retire statistical significance.” The article will engage and inform anyone concerned that statistical analyses can be misleading but were never quite sure exactly how or why.

Summary

Drawing a hard line between “statistically significant” and “statistically non-significant” results leads to invalid claims about scientific findings.

It is common practice for researchers to use statistical tests to interpret the findings of research studies. In statistical hypothesis testing, “significance” – or P value – refers to the probability that a given hypothesis is true.

If a certain statistical threshold isn’t exceeded, differences between two sets of data – measures from different treatment groups, for example – are often disregarded as “statistically non-significant,” i.e. interpreted as not relevant or even nonexistent...

About the Authors

Valentin Amrhein is a professor of zoology at the University of Basel, Switzerland. Sander Greenland is a professor of epidemiology and statistics at the University of California, Los Angeles. Blake McShane is a statistical methodologist and professor of marketing at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.

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